Efficacy of a Spatial Repellent for Control of Malaria in Indonesia: A Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial

A cluster-randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial was conducted to estimate the protective efficacy (PE) of a spatial repellent (SR) against malaria infection in Sumba, Indonesia. Following radical cure in 1,341 children aged ³ 6 months to £ 5 years in 24 clusters, households were given transfluthrin or placebo passive emanators (devices designed to release vaporized chemical). Monthly blood screening and biweekly human-landing mosquito catches were performed during a 10-month baseline (June 2015–March 2016) and a 24-month intervention period (April 2016–April 2018). Screening detected 164 first-time infections and an accumulative total of 459 infections in 667 subjects in placebo-control households, and 134 first-time and 253 accumulative total infections among 665 subjects in active intervention households. The 24-cluster protective effect of 27.7% and 31.3%, for time to first-event and overall (total new) infections, respectively, was not statistically significant. Purportedly, this was due in part to zero to low incidence in some clusters, undermining the ability to detect a protective effect. Subgroup analysis of 19 clusters where at least one infection occurred during baseline showed 33.3% (P-value = 0.083) and 40.9% (P-value = 0.0236, statistically significant at the onesided 5% significance level) protective effect to first infection and overall infections, respectively. Among 12 moderate- to high-risk clusters, a statistically significant decrease in infection by intervention was detected (60% PE). Primary entomological analysis of impact was inconclusive. Although this study suggests SRs prevent malaria, additional evidence is required to demonstrate the product class provides an operationally feasible and effective means of reducing malaria transmission. Author affiliations: 1. Din Syafruddin: Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia 2. Puji B. S. Asih: Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia 3. Ismail Ekoprayitno Rozi: Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia 4. Dendi Hadi Permana: Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia 5. Anggi Puspa Nur Hidayati: Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia 6. Lepa Syahrani: Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia 7. Siti Zubaidah: Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia 8. Dian Sidik: Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia 9. Michael J. Bangs: Public Health and Malaria Control, PT Freeport Indonesia, International SOS, Kuala Kencana, Papua, Indonesia 10. Claus Bøgh: The Sumba Foundation, Public Health and Malaria Control, Bali, Indonesia 11. Fang Liu: Department of Applied and Computational Mathematics and Statistics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 12. Evercita C. Eugenio: Department of Applied and Computational Mathematics and Statistics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 13. Jared Hendrickson: Center for Computer Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 14. Timothy Burton: Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 15. J. Kevin Baird: Eijkman-Oxford Clinical Research Unit, Jakarta, Indonesia; Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom 16. Frank Collins: Center for Computer Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 17. John P. Grieco: Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 18. Neil F. Lobo: Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 19. Nicole L. Achee: Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana